Sparring is about being able to set your opponent up in order for your own hits to be successful, this is done in one (or a combination of) five ways.
The common Jeet Kune Do terminology is The Five Ways of Attack and we have covered these ways in an earlier blog entry.
There are many physical and psychological components to attacking movements and these components can be broken down into categories such as simple attack, compound attack or counter-attack.
The intelligent fighter has the ability to change tactics during the course of a fight and the choice of what weapon to use will be dictated by the opponent. It is no good for example a boxer continually throwing a jab against an opponent proficient in blocking or parrying, tactics such as feinting will need to be used to draw a movement from the opponent.
As well as understanding the attacking movements it is important to understand the defensive type of opponent you may face.
The Runner
According to Chris Kent and Tim Tackett in the book JKD Kickboxing the runner is flighty and out of range of both hands and feet.
Guarding with Distance
This opponent uses distance, but remains closer than the runner, waiting for the opportunity to score a counter.
Guard/Crash/Block
This opponent remains well covered and is prepared to block an attack and then counter.
The Jammer
This opponent likes to crash into an attack in order to smother and jam it, then throw the counter. He will maintain a good guard.
The Angler
This guy/girl likes to use footwork and evasicve body angulation to offset your attack.
So as you can see to be able to deal with the different opponents you will face there are many, many components that need to be in place.
Sparring is physical chess, a back and forth exchange, which is rhythmic and unrhythmic. It includes pauses and interuptions and the victor will be the one who can adjust, often in the middle of the exchange.
As well as the the mechanical process you will need to work your distance, timing, footwork and mobility, feints and speed, as weill as a host of other attributes. All of these components again can be broken down into subsections.
Speed for example is a subject all on its own, as there are different types of speed.
1. Perception speed.
2. Mental speed.
3. Initiation speed.
4. Alteration speed.
5. Performance speed
One thing you can do in class is vary your sparring partner. This will help you against varying speeds, different timing and energy. When you do attack do it with confidence, speed and economy of motion.
One thing I have my students do is what I call "watch the turbines".
Don't intercept the punch or kick, intercept the thought process. Watch the mental turbines. As soon as the opponent gets set, thinks of hitting, or adjusts in readiness, you hit, disrupt or move. This places you a half beat in front of them. They can never get ready or set.
Controlling distance.
Step up to your training partner, but be out of punching range. Extend your lead leg and draw an imaginary arc in front of you. Now anywhere inside this line and you are out of distance, allowing the opponent to be on the line puts you in range. This is what I call your sparring circle.
You need to practice being just a fraction inside your sparring circle, such that with the slightest adjustment you can be in range, hit and away to safety.
Inside your sparring circle is where you can relax slightly, conserve energy and take a good look at your opponent.
Maintain a good guard, but keep moving. The old saying "be like the reflection of the moon in the water" remains a good one. Always moving, but always remaining the same (structurally speaking).
This range is (if you are a counter puncher) where you can tease your opponent. You should be teasing with how close you can be to the edge of your sparring circle, getting hit to commit to a movement and ready to counter.
If you are more offensive you can (and should) crash through the sparring circle with a commited attack. Single direct attack to draw his block/parry, followed by an attack by combination.
Types of Sparring
Within the class structure should be sparring of different types and energies.
Technical Sparring
This is what some of us may recognise as one, two or three step sparring.
Each specific drill is worked seperately.
It may be just a slip or parry off of a jab, or maybe a counter to a lead leg kick. The intensity is slowly increased until the energy is at full speed with the attacker really trying to land the shot.
I have found that you have to slow the student down when doing this.This is so they understand the technique, where the points of balance are, the opponents weak spots and how they recover ready for the next hit.
Conditional Sparring
Here the instructor lays down the ground rules on what can and cannot be used and level of intensity.
20% power, jab and front kick only.
A can only defend, while B can only use kicks.
You must throw at least a three shot combination and angle off when finished.
All Out Sparring
This really speaks for itself.
The student does not need to be doing lots of full contact, as techniques are not learnt here. It is more to understand how they will react in the ring, or when under the stress of a proper fight. The effect of stress on the body will be found out when sparring full contact.
Shadow Boxing
Again there are different types of shadow boxing and this is something that the student can definately do on his/her own outside of class.
It takes no equipment, little space and only a few minutes every day.
Even if you do not have a mirror you can turn the interior lights on at night and use a window or patio doors to obtain a reflection.
You can shadow box for speed, movement, combinations (hands, feet or both), balance, pivoting etc.
In terms of the sparring circle, place a shoe on the floor in front of you. As you move in you can practice a front foot pin. Excellent if you move in and trap the opponents lead hand.
If you have a gumshield this is a good time to practice wearing it.
Controlling your breathing is import and and you don't want to struggle in class with the gumshield.
Just like sparring you can set your own conditions.
Must use a defensive move before throwing your own shot.
Must angle off after each hit.
Each technique must include a kick and so on.
Getting Hit
If (when) you do get hit, move. Do not return to the same place. If you hit a bag it comes back to the same place and gets hit again, do not make this mistake, move, angle off, slip, weave, whatever it is do not return to the same place.
Take a few shots.
This is good for the soul as long as long as it is sensible. When doing one or two step sparring or conditinal sparring I sometimes allow a few to hit home. Suddenly you realise it is not that bad. It also helps with controlling the flinch, which is the enemy of the beginner.
Teaching Boxing, Kickboxing, Grappling and Filipino Martial Arts Concepts
Thursday, 21 July 2011
Saturday, 14 May 2011
Sports and Energy Drinks
The body sweats in order to maintain proper body heat, and in the process, electrolytes are lost. The body’s production of sweat is controlled to ensure that only small amounts of electrolytes are lost in perspiration. The kidneys also conserve fluid and electrolytes by cutting back on urine production during dehydration. Experts say it is only after one hour of strenuous exercise such as running that electrolytes need to be replenished.
The key to good hydration is drinking a lot of water before, during and after any workout or activity. Water is essential for proper bodily function. According to a recent study, after 2% of a person’s body weight is lost through perspiration, the person experiences impaired performance. After 4%, the capacity for muscular work declines, after 5% heat exhaustion, 7% hallucination, and after 10% you experience circulatory collapse and heat stroke. Water however contains no electolytes or carbohydrates.
Sports drinks do not hydrate better than water. Water though does not taste nice so we tend to stop drinking before we are fully hydrated. Sports drinks contain sugar or a sugar substitute and flavour, meaning it has a better taste. This means we drink more leading to better hydration.
Juice is not to be advised for hydration, as it is not absorbed by the cells very quickly.
So if you are training for less than one hour try putting down the sports drink and top up on the water.
You really don't like water and have decided to opt for the sports drink, in addition you keep reading about replacing electrolytes, so what gives?
What are electrolytes?
Electrolytes serve three general functions in the body
• many are essntial minerals
• they control osmosis of water between body compartments
• they help maintain the acid-base balance required for normal cellular activities
The electrolyte composition of sweat is variable but comprises of the following components:
•Sodium
•Potassium
•Calcium
•Magnesium
•Chloride
•Bicarbonate
•Phosphate
•Sulphate
There are three popular types of sport drinks available.
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Isotonic is the most polular sports drink and replaces fluids lost by sweating and a boost of carbohydrates. This would be favoured the those training for middle to long distance running, gym work or us martial artists.
Glucose is the body's preferred source of energy therefore it may be appropriate to consume Isotonic drinks where the carbohydrate source is glucose in a concentration of 6% to 8%.
Hypotonic
This would be prefered by those needing fluid replacement, but without the need for a carbohydrate boost. Gymnasts for example.
Hypertonic
To be used to supplement daily carbohydrate intake normally after exercise to top up muscle glycogen stores. In ultra distance events, high levels of energy are required and Hypertonic drinks can be taken during exercise to meet the energy demands. If used during exercise Hypertonic drinks need to be used in conjunction with Isotonic drinks to replace fluids.
Can I make my own?
This BBC website has details on making your own Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic drinks.
A simple isotonic drink can be made with 200ml of orange squash (concentrated orange), 1 litre of water and a pinch of salt (1g). Mix all the ingredients together and keep chilled.
I have had some success with water, the juice from a few limes (adjust to taste) and a couple of unrefined salt crystals.
So do they work?
Jeanette Crosland, the consultant sports dietitian to Paralympics GB had this to say: -
Sports drinks are good for intensive sport, but if you're doing half an hour of badminton, water will be fine. But they're definitely not designed for kids to take in their lunchboxes.”
The energy-packed drinks are an essential piece of kit for running a 10km race, or for taking part in a triathlon or a sports match, especially in hot weather, as they contain sodium, which helps to prevent dehydration by replacing the amounts you lose when you sweat. Sodium is essential because drinking large amounts of plain, unsalted water over a long period of exertion (four to six hours) can dilute blood plasma and make you feel ill. However, their high- energy content makes them very calorific, and will not help if you're trying to lose weight.
They're not designed for someone who is overweight and going to the gym for half an hour, as one litre contains 240 to 300 calories. They could end up drinking more than they are expending.
http://www.atg.wa.gov/teenconsumer/health_and_safety/sports_drinks.htm
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/drinks.htm
http://chemistry.about.com/cs/foodchemistry/a/aa070803a.htm
The key to good hydration is drinking a lot of water before, during and after any workout or activity. Water is essential for proper bodily function. According to a recent study, after 2% of a person’s body weight is lost through perspiration, the person experiences impaired performance. After 4%, the capacity for muscular work declines, after 5% heat exhaustion, 7% hallucination, and after 10% you experience circulatory collapse and heat stroke. Water however contains no electolytes or carbohydrates.
Sports drinks do not hydrate better than water. Water though does not taste nice so we tend to stop drinking before we are fully hydrated. Sports drinks contain sugar or a sugar substitute and flavour, meaning it has a better taste. This means we drink more leading to better hydration.
Juice is not to be advised for hydration, as it is not absorbed by the cells very quickly.
So if you are training for less than one hour try putting down the sports drink and top up on the water.
You really don't like water and have decided to opt for the sports drink, in addition you keep reading about replacing electrolytes, so what gives?
What are electrolytes?
Electrolytes serve three general functions in the body
• many are essntial minerals
• they control osmosis of water between body compartments
• they help maintain the acid-base balance required for normal cellular activities
The electrolyte composition of sweat is variable but comprises of the following components:
•Sodium
•Potassium
•Calcium
•Magnesium
•Chloride
•Bicarbonate
•Phosphate
•Sulphate
There are three popular types of sport drinks available.
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Isotonic is the most polular sports drink and replaces fluids lost by sweating and a boost of carbohydrates. This would be favoured the those training for middle to long distance running, gym work or us martial artists.
Glucose is the body's preferred source of energy therefore it may be appropriate to consume Isotonic drinks where the carbohydrate source is glucose in a concentration of 6% to 8%.
Hypotonic
This would be prefered by those needing fluid replacement, but without the need for a carbohydrate boost. Gymnasts for example.
Hypertonic
To be used to supplement daily carbohydrate intake normally after exercise to top up muscle glycogen stores. In ultra distance events, high levels of energy are required and Hypertonic drinks can be taken during exercise to meet the energy demands. If used during exercise Hypertonic drinks need to be used in conjunction with Isotonic drinks to replace fluids.
Can I make my own?
This BBC website has details on making your own Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic drinks.
A simple isotonic drink can be made with 200ml of orange squash (concentrated orange), 1 litre of water and a pinch of salt (1g). Mix all the ingredients together and keep chilled.
I have had some success with water, the juice from a few limes (adjust to taste) and a couple of unrefined salt crystals.
So do they work?
Jeanette Crosland, the consultant sports dietitian to Paralympics GB had this to say: -
Sports drinks are good for intensive sport, but if you're doing half an hour of badminton, water will be fine. But they're definitely not designed for kids to take in their lunchboxes.”
The energy-packed drinks are an essential piece of kit for running a 10km race, or for taking part in a triathlon or a sports match, especially in hot weather, as they contain sodium, which helps to prevent dehydration by replacing the amounts you lose when you sweat. Sodium is essential because drinking large amounts of plain, unsalted water over a long period of exertion (four to six hours) can dilute blood plasma and make you feel ill. However, their high- energy content makes them very calorific, and will not help if you're trying to lose weight.
They're not designed for someone who is overweight and going to the gym for half an hour, as one litre contains 240 to 300 calories. They could end up drinking more than they are expending.
http://www.atg.wa.gov/teenconsumer/health_and_safety/sports_drinks.htm
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/drinks.htm
http://chemistry.about.com/cs/foodchemistry/a/aa070803a.htm
Sunday, 27 February 2011
Why Study Tai Chi
Tai chi is a suitable art for people of all ages and all levels of physical fitness. Whether it's for self defence, improving one's physical and mental well being. health and fitness or stress and relaxation management, there is something everyone can benefit from.
The way we move and breath, stand and walk, and even sit, can have a positive effect on our general health. The hectic pace of modern living and lack of exercise leaves us tired and exhausted.
The movements of Taijiquan should be initiated in the legs, controlled by the waist and expressed in the hands and fingers. All parts of the body should move in step, illustrating a balanced whole. It is the actions of the legs and waist which combine to form the basis of all Taijiquan actions.
The spirit should be lifted to Baihui Auc Point on the top of the head (Heaven). Sink the energy to the feet Yongquan Acu Point (Earth), bring the concentration to Tan Tien (Humanity). This represents a traditional Chinese view of mans place in the universe, but it explains the contradiction in sinking and mobile agility and helps understand Yang Cheng Fu's essentials for practise. Lift the spirit, sink the energy, mind in the Dan Tien.
Yang Cheng Fu, grandson of Yang Lu Chan the creator of Yang Style Taiji, left ten instructional insights to correct training.
1. The Head should be upright so the spirit (Shen) can reach the crown
To do this employ the mind (Yi), don't use strength (Li) and thereby stiffen the neck. The stiffening of the neck restricts both the circulation of the blood and the energy (Qi) to the crown (Baihui). The feeling should be light, lively and natural, with the spine relaxed, allowing the spirit to rise.
2. Sink the chest and draw up the back
The chest should be relaxed naturally so that the Qi can sink to the centre of gravity (Dan Tien). Do not protrude the chest as required in a military posture. Do not collapse the chest either, the emphasis should be on the natural. If the energy (Qi) rises to the chest the feet will not be rooted. Sinking the Qi to Dan Tien allows the back to effectively rise up.
3. Sung (relax) the waist
The third instruction clearly follows the second. If the upper body (sink the chest) is relaxed (fang sung), the Qi can more readily sink to the Dan Tien, the gravity can then be transferred to the legs bringing stability to the lower limbs. This facilitates energy rising from the ground and being controlled through a softened waist and relaxed upper body.
4. Distinguish between Substantial and Insubstantial
If we are able to clearly distinguish between empty and full (in the legs) a 180 degree turn becomes easily negotiable. The word "Xu" (empty or vacuous) is the key if the entire body weight is placed over the left leg then it is said to be substantial, leaving the right leg empty (Xu). Turning motions will become light and agile. If the weighting is not clear, turning and stepping will become awkward and heavy. Substantial and Insubstantial, Empty and Full, are analogous for "Yin and Yang". Although the majority of commentary discuss these points with regard to the legs and progressive stepping, substantial and insubstantial can also refer to the ebb and flow of the torso and upper limbs.
5. Sink the shoulders and elbows
To lower the elbows will naturally draw the shoulders down so one really implies the other. With the shoulders lifted one cannot lower the diaphragm and therefore bring the energy to the Dan Tien. With either elbows or shoulders lifted it is impossible to relax the upper body so one of the prime rules of Taiji is violated. With the elbows and shoulders raised it will be difficult to bring the Qi to the hands and fingers and execute the method of Fajin. (Master Chu King Hung said with the upper limbs elevated the Qi escapes from the elbow or flies from the shoulder).
6. Use the mind and not force
The Taiji Classics and all ancient and modern commentaries emphasise he need to cultivate the use of the mind and resist the use of brute strength. Chen Wei-Ming has recorded: "All of this means use i (mind) and not li (force). The whole body must relax, not one ounce of force should remain in the bones, ligaments, tendons or blood vessels. Then you will be agile and able to move freely and turn easily. If you doubt the non use of strength how can you increase power?" He goes on to say that if the whole body has hard force (not relaxed) the meridians are choked up and the flow of the blood and Qi is checked. Alternatively if the meridians are not obstructed by hard force the Qi can flow freely. If you use i (mind), not li (strength), hard force can be replaced by a power that is issued from a state of deep relaxation. This implies that relaxed power directed by the mind allows the Qi to follow the i. The Taiji Classics says: "When you are extremely soft, then you are able to become extremely strong and hard". If we practice in this way every day after a long time we can obtain real internal force (Nei Chin) "Someone who has extremely good Taijiquan skills (Gong-Fu) has arms like iron wrapped with cotton wool. Without this skill, just pull one hard and the whole body will lose its equilibrium."
7. Coordination of upper and lower body
The Taijiquan classics tell us that all movement should be initiated from the ground, that is of course through the feet. So the feet are the roots and the motion should be released through the legs and controlled by the waist with the energy finally expressed in the hands and fingers. When the four component parts (feet, legs, waist, hands) combine to make one harmonious whole. The eyes should follow the action to signal the involvement of the mind. Comment: The ten pointers for correct practice are usually associated with excellence in form practice, however all can equally be addressed to both application and push hands training. You can refer to the last issue and Yang's important point number six for more detail in the use of the upper and lower body moving in unity. I feel from my own experience that one training route to this body unification/harmony can be found in the regular practice of the Chen style silk reeling.
8. Coordination of the Internal and External
Perhaps the word unification of the internal and external is more appropriate in this particular instruction. A beginner struggling with the coordination of the trunk, lower and upper limbs and eyes will find it easy to put this instruction on the back burner. To engage the spirit is a prerequisite in the practice of Taijiquan, so we are advised: "the spirit is the commander and the body its subordinate". Then one's movements will be natural and agile. The opening and closing, solidness and emptiness (Yin & Yang) is an essential part of Taiji practice but the experience is difficult to realise. This reference implies (number 8) that not only the limbs and body experience opening and closing but also the mind/heart (spirit). This instruction may suffer from translation as it is not apparent what advantage there would be to closing the mind. The simplicity of when you can make the inside and outside become one, then you become complete, has an altruistic appeal. Perhaps again the ten instructions should be reviewed as a whole. The Taijiquan adage, cotton wool on the outside, steel on the inside (and vice-versa), is a clue to unify the internal and the external. It's certain that this unity could not take place without the raising of the spirit (mind/heart). When practising forms our outward appearance should be relaxed and comfortable, internally the heart/mind (spirit) should be focussed and sharp.
9. Continuity joined and unbroken
This instruction/guideline refers directly to the Chen style principle of Silk Reeling (Chan Ssu Jin). One of the classic principles of Taijiquan is that one's Jin (inner energy flow) is like the movement of a silk thread being drawn from a cocoon. Some commentators say that the drawing of the silk is coordinated with the turning of the cocoon, this implies that the turn of the centre from the Dantien is a spiral-like trajectory to a point of contact. I have found in my own teaching and training that students who combine some training of the Chen style or the silk reeling exercises grasp this principle sooner rather than later. The Chinese classics refer to a river flowing continuously, never ending to the sea. This reference conveys the clear idea of stringing our Taiji form movements together harmoniously. In the commentaries that I have come across they make reference and comparison to the force of the so-called schools of external martial arts: The external schools employ brute force which is stiff and unnatural, this force stops and starts and moves in a jerky fashion. In Taijiquan we employ the mind throughout and the movements are continuous without ending. It is quite easy to see the inference of the internal and external but not so easy to bring the concept to everyday practice. This comparison is more practical in the practice of forms but difficult to conceive in the context of a real fight.
This form of training is unique to Taijiquan.
10. Commentaries refer almost entirely to the physical side of Taijiquan, however stillness of the mind should also be considered.
The so-called external schools employ exertion of energy (Qi) strength and speed. This form of training leaves their Qi exhausted and they find themselves breathless.
In contrast Taijiquan employs Stillness combined with Movement. Therefore in the practice of Taiji forms we are encouraged to appreciate the concept that the slower the better. When practising slowly the breathing will become slow and deep.
Energy can naturally sink to the Dantien, one avoids an excessive increase in the pulse rate and raising the blood pressure. Students who carefully consider these points will grasp the meaning.
Longfei Tai Chi Assosciation
kungfu quest.com
deyin-taiji.com
The way we move and breath, stand and walk, and even sit, can have a positive effect on our general health. The hectic pace of modern living and lack of exercise leaves us tired and exhausted.
You need some form of exercise that gently and steadily relaxes the body, and most importantly refreshes the mind. You need to be able to develop your spiritual and emotional resilience so that you can put the demand of life in proper perspective and not to be overwhelmed by them.
Relaxation of the body and mind makes us ask what is real relaxation and what does it mean in Taijiquan and to the Chinese. To pay attention 100% to the movements and eliminate all extraneous thoughts will bring quietness to the mind and nervous system. Relaxation of the whole body implies conscious attention to all parts of the skeletal framework, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons and internal organs. Relaxation also means opening and stretching of the joints and limbs. The overall benefits to the Taiji practitioner is a feeling of deep sunkeness and heaviness. This heaviness is the key to rooting and sinking the Qi to Dan Tien and the earthing of Yongquan Acu point in the feet. The most repeated word in Taijiquan is 'relax', or if Chinese 'Sung'. In the West it is common to interpret this idea as collapse, as if throwing oneself down in an armchair. This of course has nothing to do with the previous description. The feeling of sunkenness and heaviness should not be confused with softness and floppiness. This form of relaxation dissolves rigidity and stiffness. The development can progress deeper over the years with training and closely resembles what can be observed with infants. Notice when a baby grasps your finger while remain relaxed. You can experience a feeling of great firmness in their grasp. This feeling of heaviness in not confined to any specific part of the body but to the whole. The resultant rootedness gives a clue to Taiji force, a form of tenacious energy arising from emptiness (Jing). This is referred to in the Taijiquan anecdote, "The needle hidden is the cotton wool". We have a similar expression in the West, "The iron fist in a kid glove". So Taijiquan relaxation gives rise, or perhaps it would be more correct to say lower the gravity, induce heaviness, bring about sunkenness which in turn lays a foundation for vigorous action. This organisation requires obvious use of the mind and can help in the understanding of "Let the mind lead the Qi, use the Qi to move the body".
The spiralling arc like movements of Taijiquan should manifest from the legs and waist and conform to a principle found in nature. While a strong flat wind can be destructive, the spiral of a typhoon whirlwind wreaks havoc in its capacity to lift and uproot objects in its path. This is also seen in the undertow in tidal movements of the sea.The movements of Taijiquan should be initiated in the legs, controlled by the waist and expressed in the hands and fingers. All parts of the body should move in step, illustrating a balanced whole. It is the actions of the legs and waist which combine to form the basis of all Taijiquan actions.
The spirit should be lifted to Baihui Auc Point on the top of the head (Heaven). Sink the energy to the feet Yongquan Acu Point (Earth), bring the concentration to Tan Tien (Humanity). This represents a traditional Chinese view of mans place in the universe, but it explains the contradiction in sinking and mobile agility and helps understand Yang Cheng Fu's essentials for practise. Lift the spirit, sink the energy, mind in the Dan Tien.
 |
| Richard Watson Chairman of Longfei Tai Chi Association |
Yang Cheng Fu, grandson of Yang Lu Chan the creator of Yang Style Taiji, left ten instructional insights to correct training.
1. The Head should be upright so the spirit (Shen) can reach the crown
To do this employ the mind (Yi), don't use strength (Li) and thereby stiffen the neck. The stiffening of the neck restricts both the circulation of the blood and the energy (Qi) to the crown (Baihui). The feeling should be light, lively and natural, with the spine relaxed, allowing the spirit to rise.
2. Sink the chest and draw up the back
The chest should be relaxed naturally so that the Qi can sink to the centre of gravity (Dan Tien). Do not protrude the chest as required in a military posture. Do not collapse the chest either, the emphasis should be on the natural. If the energy (Qi) rises to the chest the feet will not be rooted. Sinking the Qi to Dan Tien allows the back to effectively rise up.
3. Sung (relax) the waist
The third instruction clearly follows the second. If the upper body (sink the chest) is relaxed (fang sung), the Qi can more readily sink to the Dan Tien, the gravity can then be transferred to the legs bringing stability to the lower limbs. This facilitates energy rising from the ground and being controlled through a softened waist and relaxed upper body.
4. Distinguish between Substantial and Insubstantial
If we are able to clearly distinguish between empty and full (in the legs) a 180 degree turn becomes easily negotiable. The word "Xu" (empty or vacuous) is the key if the entire body weight is placed over the left leg then it is said to be substantial, leaving the right leg empty (Xu). Turning motions will become light and agile. If the weighting is not clear, turning and stepping will become awkward and heavy. Substantial and Insubstantial, Empty and Full, are analogous for "Yin and Yang". Although the majority of commentary discuss these points with regard to the legs and progressive stepping, substantial and insubstantial can also refer to the ebb and flow of the torso and upper limbs.
5. Sink the shoulders and elbows
To lower the elbows will naturally draw the shoulders down so one really implies the other. With the shoulders lifted one cannot lower the diaphragm and therefore bring the energy to the Dan Tien. With either elbows or shoulders lifted it is impossible to relax the upper body so one of the prime rules of Taiji is violated. With the elbows and shoulders raised it will be difficult to bring the Qi to the hands and fingers and execute the method of Fajin. (Master Chu King Hung said with the upper limbs elevated the Qi escapes from the elbow or flies from the shoulder).
6. Use the mind and not force
The Taiji Classics and all ancient and modern commentaries emphasise he need to cultivate the use of the mind and resist the use of brute strength. Chen Wei-Ming has recorded: "All of this means use i (mind) and not li (force). The whole body must relax, not one ounce of force should remain in the bones, ligaments, tendons or blood vessels. Then you will be agile and able to move freely and turn easily. If you doubt the non use of strength how can you increase power?" He goes on to say that if the whole body has hard force (not relaxed) the meridians are choked up and the flow of the blood and Qi is checked. Alternatively if the meridians are not obstructed by hard force the Qi can flow freely. If you use i (mind), not li (strength), hard force can be replaced by a power that is issued from a state of deep relaxation. This implies that relaxed power directed by the mind allows the Qi to follow the i. The Taiji Classics says: "When you are extremely soft, then you are able to become extremely strong and hard". If we practice in this way every day after a long time we can obtain real internal force (Nei Chin) "Someone who has extremely good Taijiquan skills (Gong-Fu) has arms like iron wrapped with cotton wool. Without this skill, just pull one hard and the whole body will lose its equilibrium."
7. Coordination of upper and lower body
The Taijiquan classics tell us that all movement should be initiated from the ground, that is of course through the feet. So the feet are the roots and the motion should be released through the legs and controlled by the waist with the energy finally expressed in the hands and fingers. When the four component parts (feet, legs, waist, hands) combine to make one harmonious whole. The eyes should follow the action to signal the involvement of the mind. Comment: The ten pointers for correct practice are usually associated with excellence in form practice, however all can equally be addressed to both application and push hands training. You can refer to the last issue and Yang's important point number six for more detail in the use of the upper and lower body moving in unity. I feel from my own experience that one training route to this body unification/harmony can be found in the regular practice of the Chen style silk reeling.
8. Coordination of the Internal and External
Perhaps the word unification of the internal and external is more appropriate in this particular instruction. A beginner struggling with the coordination of the trunk, lower and upper limbs and eyes will find it easy to put this instruction on the back burner. To engage the spirit is a prerequisite in the practice of Taijiquan, so we are advised: "the spirit is the commander and the body its subordinate". Then one's movements will be natural and agile. The opening and closing, solidness and emptiness (Yin & Yang) is an essential part of Taiji practice but the experience is difficult to realise. This reference implies (number 8) that not only the limbs and body experience opening and closing but also the mind/heart (spirit). This instruction may suffer from translation as it is not apparent what advantage there would be to closing the mind. The simplicity of when you can make the inside and outside become one, then you become complete, has an altruistic appeal. Perhaps again the ten instructions should be reviewed as a whole. The Taijiquan adage, cotton wool on the outside, steel on the inside (and vice-versa), is a clue to unify the internal and the external. It's certain that this unity could not take place without the raising of the spirit (mind/heart). When practising forms our outward appearance should be relaxed and comfortable, internally the heart/mind (spirit) should be focussed and sharp.
9. Continuity joined and unbroken
This instruction/guideline refers directly to the Chen style principle of Silk Reeling (Chan Ssu Jin). One of the classic principles of Taijiquan is that one's Jin (inner energy flow) is like the movement of a silk thread being drawn from a cocoon. Some commentators say that the drawing of the silk is coordinated with the turning of the cocoon, this implies that the turn of the centre from the Dantien is a spiral-like trajectory to a point of contact. I have found in my own teaching and training that students who combine some training of the Chen style or the silk reeling exercises grasp this principle sooner rather than later. The Chinese classics refer to a river flowing continuously, never ending to the sea. This reference conveys the clear idea of stringing our Taiji form movements together harmoniously. In the commentaries that I have come across they make reference and comparison to the force of the so-called schools of external martial arts: The external schools employ brute force which is stiff and unnatural, this force stops and starts and moves in a jerky fashion. In Taijiquan we employ the mind throughout and the movements are continuous without ending. It is quite easy to see the inference of the internal and external but not so easy to bring the concept to everyday practice. This comparison is more practical in the practice of forms but difficult to conceive in the context of a real fight.
This form of training is unique to Taijiquan.
10. Commentaries refer almost entirely to the physical side of Taijiquan, however stillness of the mind should also be considered.
The so-called external schools employ exertion of energy (Qi) strength and speed. This form of training leaves their Qi exhausted and they find themselves breathless.
In contrast Taijiquan employs Stillness combined with Movement. Therefore in the practice of Taiji forms we are encouraged to appreciate the concept that the slower the better. When practising slowly the breathing will become slow and deep.
Energy can naturally sink to the Dantien, one avoids an excessive increase in the pulse rate and raising the blood pressure. Students who carefully consider these points will grasp the meaning.
Longfei Tai Chi Assosciation
kungfu quest.com
deyin-taiji.com
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